Analysis of Energy Use Intensity in Near-Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB) through the Integration of Smart Systems and Renewables

Abstract

This study analyzes the optimization of Energy Use Intensity (EUI) in nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (nZEB) by integrating smart technologies (BMS, IoT) and renewable sources to mitigate the environmental impact of a sector responsible for 40% of global primary energy consumption. Using a mixed methodology that includes systematic reviews and simulations in EnergyPlus and OpenStudio, aligned with ASHRAE 90.1-2022 and 100-2024 standards, the research evaluates the impact of tools such as Digital Twins and Model Predictive Control (MPC). The findings reveal that automated algorithms and IoT sensors can reduce energy consumption in critical systems like HVAC and lighting by up to 45.2%. Furthermore, incorporating Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) achieves net primary energy savings exceeding 60%. The study concludes that protocol interoperability and proactive demand management are decisive factors for urban decarbonization, providing a solid technical foundation for designers and energy managers in the fight against climate change.